The Westminster system and the government - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 957 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Review Did you like this example? 1. The Westminster System The Westminster System (WS) is the British structure of representative government embodied by an executive council meeting within and being accountable to the legislature. Some other elements of the WS are a supreme executive authority, the Crown which doesn’t actively play a part in government, and a self-determining judiciary. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Westminster system and the government" essay for you Create order Executive and legislative powers are not separate. It is called the WS because the British Parliament sits at Westminster which is part London. The constitutions of the Australian Commonwealth and the States adopted the WS which is also acknowledged as responsible government (Butt 2004, 457). 2. Responsible Government Responsible government is a specific way of governing through its elected representatives. Under this structure, the Parliament, not the government, is elected by Australian voters. Government Members are also Parliament Members. They become the government as they have a majority of members in the House of Representatives of the Australian Parliament. Occasionally a minority government might need the support of either a smaller party or independent Members. What is central to this structure is Responsible Cabinet government in Australia, and the democratic and liberal values which are entrenched within it. 2.1 Parliament and the Election of the Government Th e democratic element in the structure of the Australian government is the voters elect the Members of Parliament these Members then select the government. Under the WS the government is in the form of the Cabinet which is made up of the Prime Minister and Ministers who are drawn from the Government Members. 2.2 Parliament and the System of Responsible Government The Liberal element in the structure is that the government is held accountable to the Australian people. The Government is responsible to the Parliament not only for its actions but also for the government’s administrative arm (public service). The Government accountability is to the voters through periodic elections and is reinforced by procedures of the Parliament, and checks on the government executive branch and its bureaucracy. 2.3 Parliament and Ministerial Responsibility Individual ministerial responsibility is that Ministers are responsible to the Parliament not only for their actions but also fo r those of their departments. In the event of improprieties or maladministration’s a Minister should resign. A collective ministerial responsibility is when all Ministers must take responsibility for Cabinet decisions. A Minister that disagrees publicly with cabinet decisions should resign from the Ministry first. 2.4 The Australian model of the Westminster System The drafters of the Australian Constitution made two important modifications to the WS. They established the Senate an elected second chamber of Parliament where each State had equal representation. The other is based on parliament’s formal procedures which disguises the exercise of power of the Parliament, and its role in regards to the government’s exercise of executive power (Woodward 2010, 73-74). 3. Head of State A feature of responsible government in Australia involves the head of state. All executive powers are allocated in the Australian Constitution to the head of state. Yet in pra ctice, these powers are implemented on the recommendation by the elected government in virtually all cases. The government bears responsibility for all the decisions and the head of state (Governor General) remains above most of the political disputes (Woodward 2010, 66-68). 4. Conventions of Westminster-style democracies Australia, unlike the United Kingdom, the constitution is a written document where some of these rules are contained. The stipulations of the Constitution contain the official rules of government. But there are areas where the Constitution is silent, political behavior is directed by established practices, usages, methods, maxims and habits most of them were received from colonial parliaments, and in turn they were received from WS (Reid 1977, 244). 4.1. Principles of Westminster-style democracies Conventions are an integral component of the Westminster-style democracies supplying the details and assisting political practice to observe the principles of responsible government. For instance, conventions cover: †¢procedures concerning the relationship involving the Prime Minister or Premier and the Cabinet, †¢the function and the responsibilities of Cabinet; †¢separation of powers; †¢relations between the Crown and the Parliament; †¢relationships between the Houses of Parliament; and †¢how budgets are appropriated (Heard 1991, 1). 4.2 Constitutional Conventions There is a variety of definitions on what establishes a constitutional convention. Mainly definitions refer back to the work of British scholar A.V. Dicey who examined the distinctions concerning the law and the numerous constitutional conventions of the Constitution (Heard 1991, p. 4). 4.2.1 Identifying the existence of a convention The questions that need to be asked: †¢what are the precedents; †¢ do the players in these precedents consider they were obligated by these rules; and †¢ is there a beneficial purpose for the rule (Jennings 1959, 159) 4.3 Australian Parliamentary Key Conventions The main conventions are: †¢governments recognise a loyal opposition; †¢ministers must answer on behalf of their departments and provide explanations if questioned; †¢ministers must not mislead Parliament – or if they do inadvertently, then they must correct the record immediately; and †¢ministers have a duty to attend Question Time, except if they have urgent business (Jaconelli 2005, 150). 5. Conclusion The WS has evolved over hundreds of years and will continue to evolve; these precedents and practices continue to play a significant role in Australia, and serve our democratic way of life well. Bibliography Butt, P 2004, Concise Australian Legal Dictionary, 3rd edn, LexisNexis Butterworths, Chatswood NSW. Heard, A. 1991, Canadian Constitutional Conventions: The Marriage of Law and Politics. Oxford University Press, Toront o. Jaconelli, J. 2005, Do Constitutional Conventions Bind? Cambridge Law Journal, 64(1), March, pp. 149-176, viewed 12 March 2014, via Google Scholar. Jennings, I. 1959, The Law and the Constitution, 5th edn, University of London Press, London. Reid, G.S. 1977, ‘Commentaries’. In Evans, G (eds) Labor and the Constitution: Essays and Commentaries on Constitutional Controversies of the Whitlam Years in Australian Government. Heinemann, Melbourne. Woodward, D., Parkin, A. and Summers, J. (eds), Government, Politics, Power and Policy in Australia, 9th Edn., Pearson, Frenchs Forest NSW. 1

The Gay Marriage Controversy Essays - 2427 Words

Marriage has been an important part of life since the Biblical times. It usually consists of the union of a man and a woman, but for gays and lesbians, it is the union of two men and two women. On June 26, 2015, the US Supreme Court ruled that the US Constitution guarantees the right for same-sex couples to marry. Many conservatives are completely against gay marriage and they have stated that they will fight to have the Supreme Court ruling overturned. Legalizing gay marriage is a very difficult issue for much of society to accept. Some of the controversies with gay marriage are religious beliefs, equal rights, legal ramifications, a fight for acceptance and the freedom to practice their lifestyles openly while society can contend†¦show more content†¦Then there are just many religions that do not recognize same-sex marriages. â€Å"In the Catholic Church, there is a strong current of dissent against the hierarchy’s active opposition to the legalization of civil marriage for same-sex couples†. (Cahill, pg. 14-17). When dealing with issues such as gay marriage, many individuals revert away from the ethics and morals that most have been brought up with. Although we can agree that our society is evolving, our strife should be for positive changes. The majority would agree that a marriage is between a man and a woman. We can contend that in gay marriage most of those morals and ethics would be non-existent; therefore, it is such a difficult issue for our society to accept. Gay marriage is an action that is in itself considered to be morally wrong by a vast majority of people. Society has so many other issues to deal with in our country, and for many, gay marriage is not on the list of priorities. The concern for these religious individuals is that the acceptance of gay marriage will tarnish their meaning of marriage. Although most people try to live by and adhere to the morals they were brought up with, others try to push the envelope for change by using words such as personal freedom and discrimination to initiate change. Jillian Keenan for example, she argues that, â€Å"While the Supreme Court and the rest of us are allShow MoreRelatedThe Controversy Of Gay Marriages Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesThe controversy of gay marriages increases in debate within the United States and continues to be a debate even in the political scene. 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The first issue questions whether the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) improperly denies federal benefits to same sex couples. Another issueRead MoreSame Sex Marriage and Politics in the U.S. Essay800 Words   |  4 PagesSex Marriage has become a major issue in the United States. There are variations in opinions concerning the topic. The main concern is should same sex marriage be allowed or declared unconstitutional. Plenty of conservatives are completely against gay marriage and many of liberals are fighting for equal treatment. Many controversies and arguments have developed from this issue. There are many reasons why gay marriage should be legal or illegal. The people who oppose same sex marriage or alsoRead MoreThe Issue Of Gay Marriages1028 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 2, 2015 The Issue Of Gay Marriages Through The Eyes Of Sociologists Gay marriages have been an ongoing event in the United States for many years. 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Essays838 Words   |  4 Pagesin most places which makes this dream for some impossible. This caused controversy between same-sex couples and the general public who believes that same-sex adoption should remain illegal. Ultimately, same-sex adoption should be legal. The same-sex controversy is one of the many results from the slow process of gay marriage becoming legalized in various states across the United States of America. The fight for gay marriage is predated way back to the Stonewall Riots of 1969 (â€Å"The Stonewall Riot†)Read MoreEssay on Recognizing Same-Sex Marriage1565 Words   |  7 PagesSame-Sex Marriage Same-sex marriage is a huge controversy between Americans across the Country. In thirty-three states marriage is defined as a â€Å"union between a man and a woman†. For seventeen states in the U.S. this definition has been changed because every citizen should be treated equally according to the constitution and this also violates the Equal Protection Clause. It became possible for people of the same-sex to marry when it was stated to be unconstitutional. Denying marriage is denyingRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Is Not The Law Of The Land1510 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Lee Comp Rhetoric 2 20 October 2014 Same-Sex Marriage According to Dr. James Dobson, founder of Focus on the Family, If traditional marriage is not the law of the land, the institution of the family will cease to exist. Traditional marriage is a legal union of a man and woman as husband and wife. Inside the court rooms and outside, citizens of the United States battle out their differences between heterosexual and homosexual marriage; one reason for this is because the frequency of relationships

Pros and Cons of Social Networking free essay sample

Social networking consists of various different sites and is used throughout the world by many people. Social networking can be considered a good thing by several but those are the ones who aren’t aware of the overcoming negative sides. The negatives of social networking can cause data mining, the harming of people establishing their identities, and the invasion of privacy of citizens. Social networking’s negatives outweigh the negatives. People may not think and say that social networking is a positive, but in reality it is more negative because it hurts people who establish their identities. This means that people can be accused of something by what they saw on a social networking site. Gary Craig wrote the article Facebook, MySpace Social Media Musings Used in Court Cases, in this article it says, â€Å"But making sure that the posts belong to the person in question is crucial, â€Å" and â€Å"Lawyer Black said she’s not surprised that social media are now a breeding ground for the kinds of information helpful-or detrimental- in court cases. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Social Networking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † (Craig) This shows that social networking affects people negatively because some people might be accused falsely. Also it could be another person who made the posts and it isn’t the person from the profile and if they can’t prove it the case might result in a negative way. With this said, hurting people who establish their identity is a negative result of social networking. For those who say that social networking is positive, disagree and say that social networking actually helps people establish their identities. They are incorrect because the evidence shows that people wanting to establish their identities can be blamed and it will hurt them with establishing their identities. For this reason social networking is more negative than positive. While the public can say that social networking more positive than negative, it is indeed more negative because everything online is data mined while invading privacy. This means that any searches, or posts written online and contain certain trigger words will be data mined. According to CNBC’s video segment, Big Brother Big Business. Internet searches are kept and monitored by triggered words. Also all of your information online is kept and sold to big companies. As a result social networking is negative and people’s daily lives are affected each and everyday. The people who think that social networking is positive, disagree because they say that data mining does not exist and they still believe that each and every person still hold their privacy with everything done online. This is false because the evidence shows that data mining can intrude on peoples personal lives. This is why social networking is more negative than positive. While common people may say that social networking is a positive in our lives, it is more of a negative because it can be used to invade people’s privacy. This means that people get their phone and other information checked by others who would invade their privacy. Somini Sengupta wrote in her article Courts Divided Over Searches of Cell Phones and example of a negative of social networking and it says, â€Å"Courts have also issued divergent rulings on when and how cellphones can be inspected. An Ohio court ruled that the police needed a warrant to search a cell phone because, unlike a piece of paper that might be stuffed inside a suspect’s pocket and can be confiscated during an arrest, a cell phone may hold ‘large amounts of private data’. This shows that social networking affects people negatively because this ruling was made because of people getting their phone looked through without a warrant. People still currently do because of them not knowing that the people must obtain a warrant. As a result social networking tends to leave people’s privacy unprotected. Those people who say that social networking is positive, disagree because they say that it is not an invasion of privacy because it helps obtain information. They however, are wrong because the evidence shows that people were searching through anothers privacy without a warrant to search. This is the reason why social networking is more negative than positive. While others may say that social networking is positive, it is without a doubt negative. The main ways this is proven is by how it hurts people who establish their identities, online data mining, and it’s an invasion of privacy. Social networking has also affected the lives of many people each and everyday.

Write a detailed analysis of Michael and two of Wordsworths sonnets Essay Example

Write a detailed analysis of Michael and two of Wordsworths sonnets Essay Discuss similarities and differences between these poems and give a personal response The two Wordsworth sonnets I have chosen are It is a beauteous evening.. and The world is too much with us... I chose these because of their similarities in theme. Primarily I will discuss the content and theme of all poems individually. Starting with Michael, and later the two remaining sonnets. Michael is a long narrative poem, using blank verse. The main theme is that the city corrupts the character of people who visit it from the country. Michael and early Luke, Michaels son, portray the innocence of country folk. But when Luke is forced to go to leave, to repay a relation debt, he goes to the city, while there he partakes in illegal activity and is forced into exile. The poem explains that while in the country you are closer to nature, the closer to nature you are the closer to God you are. We will write a custom essay sample on Write a detailed analysis of Michael and two of Wordsworths sonnets specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Write a detailed analysis of Michael and two of Wordsworths sonnets specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Write a detailed analysis of Michael and two of Wordsworths sonnets specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Wordsworth wrote about a man called Michael, who was a hill farmer in the Lake Districts. Michael was essentially a good man, but there was nothing really special about him. When Wordsworth wrote the poem at the beginning of the nineteenth century it was the beginning of the Romantic Movement. Before this poems were often written about noble people such as Kings and lords. Wordsworth believed that Michaels life was just as interesting and noble as any other man. And his tragedy is worth writing about, even though its not on the scale of Macbeth or similar literature, it is sad and important enough to be written about. Wordsworth uses blank verse in Michael. This style is very rhythmic and regular, getting the reader to read it simply and plainly. Wordsworth was a very skilled man while writing, using many literary tricks. Enjambment is often used, With a few sheep and kite That overhead that overhead are sailing the sky This particular use of enjambment is used to symbolise the kite gliding through the air, gracefully. Similes are rarely used, when used they include themes and subjects not related to the story itself, but including it gives an extra theme or dimension to think of while reading, you can think of personal parallels between the poems theme and the similes included theme. E.g. Like the noise of distant bagpipers on distant highland hills. This simile brings a rustic country life into the poem, it also gives some geographical information, which is, they are fairly close to Scotland. Similes can often also in-directly describe the atmosphere. The lonely sound of the bagpipes, bellowing out sound for miles of solemn mountains surrounding it. The repetition of heart in this poem is very important, it is said five or more times, its used because of its implications, a heart is the sign for love, love for nature, and Michaels love for Luke. around the boisterous brook, this is an example of a lliteration, its here to present to the ear the sound of the brook bubbling, and boisterously flowing down the hillside. One of the main themes in the story is religion. And, when Luke is young he is closer to nature and so God, than Michael is, but as he grows older, and leaves for the city, he gets more and more aware of money, greed, lust and so on, he gets more and more corrupted, and further and further away from nature and God. In this poem nature and God are portrayed to be one and the same, using a capital letter for nature suggests its importance, yet having felt the power of Nature. When talking of the power and beauty of nature I believe it is talking of the power of God. The names Michael and Luke are Biblical, also words like covenant instead of contract are used. Which adds a religious dimension to the agreement about the building of the sheepfold. Symbolism is used often in the poem, such as the oak, the oak is obviously a part of nature, after the house has gone, and all memories of the occupants disappeared, the tree remains, nature moves on The cottage was named the Evening Star is gone- the ploughshare has been through the ground on which it stood; great changes have been wrought in all the neighbourhood: yet the oak is left. The sheepfold is also a strong symbol. When nature prevails with the tree, the sheepfold does not, the stones are there but man does not triumph, since the sheepfold, despite all efforts was never completed and the remain of the unfinished sheep-fold may be seen. The poem is narrative, the persona of the author comments on events, and describes them, as he wants. Dialogue is scarcely used, but it does appear more and more by the end, Thou must go. The dialogue is used so we can hear them, when reading their exact words our imagination pictures them. Wordsworth has given Michael a noble voice; the words used are not affected by dialect. Nay, dont take it so, I see that these are thing I need not speak. There is an example of interior monologue, strangely by Isabel, who does not appear much in this poem, I believe this monologue is there to introduce her point of view, and fears. Theres Richard Bateman she thought to herself. I believe this poem to be a very effective one, portraying its view through the means of a short story. Wordsworths range of literary skills is made obvious. They add to the interest and enjoyment for the reader. Yet I dont agree. Im sure that city goers are just as close to God as farmers are, some even closer, but one thing I do agree with, praying in an old stone church in a beautiful green valley is much nicer than praying in a dark brick chapel, in the middle of the smog of London. Not because I believe a valley is closer to God than a London street, but because of the peacefulness of the valley, its quiet there. Which gives you more opportunity to pray. Next I will discuss Tis a beauteous evening Its a sonnet. A sonnet has clearly defined rules. It has fourteen lines, an octave and a sestet. There are ten syllables in each line. There is a rhyme pattern, but poets vary this. The theme in this sonnet is of a young girl, who is walking the coast with Wordsworths persona. They look out over the sea, and the natural world. Its beautiful, and even though Wordsworths persona appreciates it more, and thanked God for it, he still thought that the young girl is closer to God than he. Beauteous, is an archaic word, and probably was the day Wordsworth wrote it, he used it because of the romance attached to it. Beauteous, it sounds so calm and loving. The next two adjectives reinforce this; they being calm and free. In the second line the holy dimension is introduced for the first time, using an adjective, which is holy and a noun, nun. Again reinforcing the calmness is the word quiet. The man is breathless with adoration at the beauty of the view. There is an use of enjambment here, broad sun, is sinking down in its tranquillity. This is used because the sun will sink regardless, it is constantly there, the sun will always rise and fall on earth. Repeatedly the calm atmosphere is strengthened, using tranquillity. The emphasis is now shifted from sight to sound. Starting the line with listen. With sound a strong theme arises; nature is everlasting, people die, ho uses crumble, and cars break down, but nature prevails. This theme is introduced through the form of the sea. Which is personified by the mighty being, its continued existence is displayed by the words eternal and everlastingly. Here is the Volta, again changing the emphasis, from the view to the child, this major shift in emphasis is purposely put here, since in after Volta the story is given, in the octave the situation is described. In this line we find out the child is a female child, it explains even though the child doesnt think of God, Untouched by solemn thought, it doesnt mean that she is therefore less di vine.

Left hand of darkness essays

Left hand of darkness essays I think that the book The Left Hand of Darkness, by Ursula Le Guin, should be a book that everyone at ETHS should read. This book is a classic science fiction book with many added advantages. The book is about a man who is trying to peacefully convince a new world of people to join in a trade agreement with his home word as well as many others. The book promotes peace and peaceful discussions over war, which has no place in the book at all. It also forces the reader to look at sex in a different way. The inhabitants of this planet do not have a gender most of the time, which makes open thinking a necessity. Science fiction books can be wonderfully exciting and fun to read, but many kids in our school today do not know that. Many students are simply not exposed to science fiction, and think that science fiction is only for science people and dorks. This is obviously not true, but how would they know? They have never read any science fiction in school, and if they do not read it on their own, they may never read science fiction. This would be a tragedy, for there are so many books that are so engrossing that they could really bring out the reader in students. For example, Dune, by Frank Herbert, is an outstanding piece of literature, but unless you read science fiction, you probably have never heard of it. The Left Hand of Darkness does not have the same draw as Dune, but it comes close. When Genly, the main character, and Estraven, his friend, are crossing the great ice, as proposed on page 201, it is slightly reminiscent of the sand crossing in Dune. However, Dune dos not have the sam e use of local folklore in the same way. Interspersed in the book The Left Hand of Darkness, there are chapters which are simply stories that help the plot along. One example is chapter 12 on page 162. This chapter is about Meshe who has been to the center of time and therefore knows everything that has, is and will happe ...

Oil Drilling in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge essays

Oil Drilling in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge essays In 1870 the first national parks and forests were set aside for wildlife protection and for the extraction of resources. Along with the timber, oil and mining industries, tourism offered economic benefits. But by the 1920s all development was prohibited on these land areas. However external pressure from commercial interests led to the re-opening of these land areas so that the industries could resume operation. In 1964 the Federal Wilderness Act designated wilderness areas as areas where ecosystems are not harmed by man and where man is a visitor and does not remain. Unfortunately it has become quite clear that man has an effect on his entire environment. This is proved in the development and employment of pesticides and other man-made chemicals that travel by ocean currents or seep into ground-water. Moreover, there is still pressure to expand the commercial use of national forests and parks and strip wilderness areas of their protection from this commercial use to exploit their r esources. In 1960, the Artic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) was classified as a wildlife preserve. However in 1980 the ANWR was evaluated for its potential economic gain by drilling oil. In 1987 the Department of the Interior proposed that the coastal plain be open for drilling but President Bill Clinton vetoed Congresss approval. In 2001 California experienced many electrical blackouts. President George W. Bush declared that California was experiencing an energy crisis and that opening the ANWR was imperative to maintain national energy security. The National Energy Security Act of 2001 was promptly enacted and debated strongly ever since. Overall, the debate over the protection of wildlife areas is primarily focused around economic arguments. The first argument suggests that the economic benefits from the exploitation of natural resources are so great that it should be permitted. The alternative side recognizes only a short-ter...

GENE THERAPY (VIRAL AND NON-VIRAL VECTORS) Essay

GENE THERAPY (VIRAL AND NON-VIRAL VECTORS) - Essay Example HVS (Harpes Simplex Virus Vector) happens to be the most complex as well as the largest among all viruses under development for gene therapy with one of its features of importance being that it has a capacity that is able to carry he fragments for foreign DNA (Mohammed, Al-Dosari1, & Xiang 2009). Hybrid vectors- in demand for better vectors, most researchers are trying to combine significant features of distinct viruses in hybrid vectors. Among the fascinating hybrids brings together the site specific integration machine for wild type AAV together with the nuclear targeting as well as efficient internalization properties of adenovirus (Clare, Anja, & Mark 2003). There seems to be a bright future for vectors given that vectors development within the past several years has encouraging results. Less immunogenic vectors have been deleted through creation of new gene production systems that are efficient. The haematopietic cells’ ex vivo transduction has been improved in its efficiency. The in vivo trans-gene expression has been improved in its efficiency and specificity by means of tissue specific optimization as well as inducible promoters. There has been expansion of vector tropisms repertoire as well as pre-existing immune responses evasion by developing alternative viral serotypes (Clare, Anja, & Mark 2003). Several applications of gene therapy look promising in clinical early phase trial for instance haemophilia B treatment by use of rAAV, vascular and coronary artery disease treatment by use of viral vectors and certain kinds of cancer treatment by use of â€Å"conditionally replicating ecolytic viruses† (Kenneth & Teni 2003). Viral-vectors- Typically, viral vectors do consist of viral particles that have nucleic acid with a capseid protein covering it at least and mostly further by the structure of an envelope. In general, one or a number

Final questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Final questions - Essay Example She is furious because she is conformed to the fashions, behaviors and values of the time. As a result, she plays havoc and introduces new attitudes and beliefs as well as seduction of the basketball captain Skip. The scenes now begin to change with color and the film gains a new perspective as the society embraces and become contaminated. The cinematography of the film identifies the major theme of the film which is change. The movie touches on many social, political, ideological and religious themes such as race, sexuality, personal freedom, feminism and womens liberation, passion, prejudice and social change. The themes are displayed in a continuous play of events with proper projection. The symptomatic meaning is identified through the color changes from a black and white setting to a colored setting and the transition from a real world to an unrealistic world. The implicit meaning of the film is displayed by the way people react to change. It denoted that people either embrace, reject or resign to the inevitability of change. While some people are inclined to the past, this movie helps us to examine the changes that appear in Pleasantville critically by analyzing our attitudes towards change in general. Cinematically, I found the film effective because the plot is continuous and the essence in daily life is applicable. The scene where Bud helps his mother with the make-up in order to change her skin tone is effective and well displayed in both colored and black and white scenes. The shots are clear and there is a wide angle shot to give way to the house in which they are situated, the distance is well measured and the movement of the camera is both aerial and with a direct view. The montage of this scene is in a traditional sense with a conservative approach to the the customs and based on the need to remain an obedient wife. The

Ethics and Corporate Responsibility in the Workplace and the World Essay Example for Free

Ethics and Corporate Responsibility in the Workplace and the World Essay Abstract This paper will examine the ethics of a pharmaceutical company by the name of PharmaCARE. Stakeholders will be discussed, and the treatment of rank and file workers versus executives will be analyzed. Also the proposed firing of three of PharmaCare’s workers will be debated. Additionally obligations, protection, and whistleblowing opportunities will be examined on behalf of Allen a manager for the company. PharmaCARE’s environmental initiatives will be assessed and compared to their efforts to stop environmental laws and regulations. The Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ( CERCLA) will be reviewed, and all provisions which apply to the PharmaCARE scenario will be discussed. PharmaCARE is one of the world’s most successful pharmaceutical companies. It has a reputation for producing high quality products that saved millions of lives, and enhance the quality of millions of others. The company sponsors a program that offers free and discounted medication to low income customers. PharmaCARE has many stakeholders. Stakeholders being any one or group owning a significant percentage of a company shares, or a person or group not owning shares in an enterprise but affected by or having interest in its operation.(W.Dictionary) Having established the definition of a stakeholder, one can concur that PharmaCARE has plenty. When identifying the company’s stakeholders the first that come to mind are the investors, shareholders and employees, without these people the company would cease to exist. The secondary stakeholders are the customers, suppliers, communities, clinics, hospitals, and doctors’ offices, all of these groups have an interest or wil l be affected by the operations of PharmaCARE. Established in New Jersey, PharmaCARE owns a substantial manufacturing facility in the African nation of Colberia. The natives of the land are extremely poor and maintain the lowest standard of living. PharmaCARE employs the natives, paying them a measly one dollar a day salary to gather plants and carry up to fifty pounds five miles. The company executives that run the facility on the other hand live in a luxury compound provided by the company. PharmaCARE’s practice of paying people to work for a dollar a day is totally utilitarian. They are getting cheap labor and destroying the land of the natives without even trying to provide a structure to help the people out of poverty, or provide equipment or facilities to help them replenish their land. PharmaCARE is morally corrupt, they have no sense of community when it comes to their bottom line. The executive of PharmaCARE are paid sizable salaries and are treated well. They are provided with facilities that contain all the amen ities. The lower ranking employees are treated as expendables. They are expected to work in unsafe conditions without complaint, or risk the chance of being fired. They are in some cases paid a salary so miniscule that it can be interpreted as modern day slavery. On the surface PharmaCARE looks to be an ethically sound company but when closely evaluated it is utilitarianism at its worst. Allen Jones a manager for the company was appointed to lead a new division created by PharmaCARE called CompCARE. The subsidiary was a way for PharmaCARE to avoid FDA scrutiny concerning the reformulation and selling of their top selling diabetes drug. The company quickly established CompCARE and did a low cost renovation to an office located close to headquarter. The new formulation of the drug was successful for treating Alzheimer and the success of CompCARE grew. As production and working hours increased employees began to fall ill. An employee brought to Allen’s attention that there was mold on the air vents, after contacting his supervisor Allen was told to ignore the fact. An EE by the name of Donna who previously had perfect attendance became so ill that she could no longer report to work because of the mold. So she eventually filed for workers compensation. Tom one of Allen’s best supervisor threaten to file a complaint with OSHA about the air quality at the fac ility because it was so bad. Lastly an EE named Ayesha filed an EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) complaint  inferring that she had been looked over for a promotion because she was Muslim. Allen discussed the EE issues with his boss and was told to fire them all. Firing the EEs would not be the best decision for Allen, he has to consider the legal ramifications of his actions. Legally, Allen cannot fire Donna for filing for workers compensation, an EE is protected by law from retaliation for filing a claim. Donna had excellent work evaluations prior to her illness, Allen would have to provide sufficient evidence that firing her was not due to the filing of a workers comp claim. Firing Donna would surely bring an employment discrimination lawsuit against PharmaCARE, it would be wise for Allen to convince his boss to take care of the mold problem in the facility it would save the company money in the long run. Terminating Tom would also bring litigations against PharmaCARE, Tom could allege that he was wrongfully discharged, because he complained about his unsafe working conditions and threaten to inform OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Commission). Under the Wrongful Discharge from Employment Act one cannot be terminated for reporting a violation of public policy or not for good cause once a probationary period is completed. Tom was Allen’s best supervisor, terminating him would be illegal. Allen needs to persuade his boss to remedy the mold problem at the facility, he needs to explain to him that it is in the best interest of the company. Lastly Allen could legally fire Ayesha, not because of her filing a complaint with EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunities Commission) but for not being able to substantiate the claim. Under the Employment-at- Will Act he can terminate her unless some type of contractual terms are stated or implied in the employer’s handbook. Allen’s managerial status puts him in a unique position, he has direct contact with the executives and daily interactions with the lower level EE. Allen is faced with legal and ethical issues, Allen has been told to allow workers to remain in a hazardous work environment. The air quality of the workplace is dangerous to the health of any one working in the environment. As a manager he has an ethical and legal duty to report the conditions of his jobsite to first his superiors, then to OSHA if no measures are taken to correct the problem. Allen’s boss has made it clear that nothing will be done about the air pollution, so reporting this problem to OSHA would  benefit Allen legally. As a manager Allen was made aware of the problem by an employee, if the employee decides to contact OSHA and inform them that they reported this problem to him he may be fired later for not taking steps to remedy the problem. Once you submit a complaint to OSHA your company cannot retaliate against you, this will protect Allen from getting fired and having legal action taken against him. Allen reporting to OSHA is his best option, his job will be protected and he would have done the right thing for the employees. PharmaCARE had recently announced its â€Å"We Care about Your World† initiative. They started recycling, and made packaging changes, these steps made them seem community friendly. Even as they took on these green initiatives, they lobbied to block environmental efforts that would benefit the greater good of the people. Also they entered poor villages and exploited the people and the land to their benefit with no moral gauge. It seems that PharmaCARE is promoting an image of environmental stewardship when they are actually ethically corrupt. They are misleading the community with their behind the scenes practices. If PharmaCARE is going to portray themselves as an environmentally friendly company than they should assume the responsibility of initiating a green program in all aspects of their productions within reason. Communities will support a company that they believe to care about the interest of the greater good and not just profit. PharmaCARE is jeopardizing their image w ith these unethical practices and if made public the company could possibly suffer an economic loss. Comprehensive Environment Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) also known as Superfund, was enacted by Congress in 1980. This law created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad Federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment. The law authorized the EPA to identify companies or individuals responsible for hazardous waste contamination and require them to clean it up. If no party could be found responsible for the contamination then money from the superfund would be used for the cleanup. On October 17, 1986 CERCLA was amended to include more detailed provisions to better the process of  enforcing maintaining and cleaning contamination sites. They include increasing State involvement in every phase of the Superfund program, requiring Superfund actions to consider the standards and requirements found in other State and Federal environmental laws and regulations, and stressing the importance of permanent remedies and innovative treatment technologies in cleaning up hazardous waste sites. There are eleven provisions in all, they were added to give the states more authority in the matters of environmental protection, and bring awareness to the actual dangers to human health from hazardous waste. Provisions relating to PharmaCARE are the right to have safe and toxic free working conditions and the power of the state to enforce clean up, also the random site inspections. References Stakeholders. (n.d.) Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved August 11, 2013, from Dictionary.com website OSHA: complying with workplace health and safety laws. (2013). Retrieved from www.nolo.com SARA Overview. (2013). Retrieved from www.epa.gov/superfund/policy Halbert, T., Ingulli, E. (2012). The duty of loyalty. In M. Staudt M. Stranz (Eds.), Laws and ethics in the business environment (7th ed.). Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning

Three wars that led to the defeat of Napoleon :: European Europe History

Three wars that led to the defeat of Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte was one of the most powerful men ever to walk the face of the earth. Many believe him to be the first anti-christ, just as Nostradamus predicted. To the troops he commanded, he was known as the "friendly little corporal" , and to the monarchs and kings that he overthrew, he was the "Corsican Ogre" ("Napoleon Bonaparte" ). Some thought him to be a great reformer. Others thought that he was a monster. However, friend and foe alike could both agree on one thing; Napoleon I, Emperor of France and leader of most of Europe for sixteen years, was one of the greatest and boldest military geniuses of all time("Napoleon Bonaparte"). However, like every great leader, Napoleon too had his downfall. Napoleon participated in three wars that led to his downfall: "The Attack on Russia", "The War of Nations", and "Waterloo". Napoleon was once quoted as saying, "A battle is a dramatic action which has a beginning, a middle, and an end. The order of battle which the two armies take, the first movements to come to blows- this is the exposition; the counter- movement of the army under attack form the complication, which requires dispositions and and brings on crisis from which springs the result or Denouement (Gray 6)". Napoleon thought himself to be invincible and God-like. He felt that he had a destiny to be one of the greatest military leaders to ever live. The man thought that he could not be killed on the battle field, he was right. He went from a soldier to the Emperor of France in just ten short years; he fell in less than three. Napoleon led an army of six-hundred-thousand men into Russia (Reihn 159). Napoleon was always very concerned about his soldiers and made sure that they were well taken care of (Segur 58 ). Napoleon attacked Russia from the Neims River on June 24, 1812. As soon as they crossed the Neims, a Cossack surprised them and questioned them. They said they were French and that they had come to make war with Russia. Some of the soldiers chased the Cossack into the forest and fired at him (Segur 68). This made Napoleon very angry. They slept on the bank of the Neims with their weapons in hand. Napoleon also issued a fire ban so that they would be undetected by their enemy.

A Study on the Interpretation of Dreams

Interpreting dreams has been a subject of interest for thousands of years. There have been many theories formed by top scientists and psychologists, but dreams still remain a mystery. There are websites all over the Internet that promise to decode dreams in just a few easy steps, but most of those are for fun and entertainment.What do professionals have to say about the interpretation of dreams? That is the question this paper seeks to answer. As with any somewhat scientific subject, there are as many answers as questions. The writer will start with the earliest information about dreams, and explain the prevalent theories, both past and present, about dream interpretation.Dreams have been fascinating people for as long as there have been people on the Earth. The very first mention of a dream comes from ancient Babylon, around the year 3000 B.C. (Biele and Piotrowski, 1986).The dream is only mentioned in passing on a stela carved to commemorate a great achievement by a â€Å"God-fear ing man,† but the fact that it was mentioned at all gives us an idea of how important dreams were to the ancients (Biele and Piotrowski, 1986). People made â€Å"consulting dreams† before taking any action a regular part of life up to the 16th Century, A.D., and no doubt many people still follow the practice (Biele and Piotrowski, 1986).Perhaps the two most noted â€Å"dream interpreters† were Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. Freud wrote his book, The Interpretation of Dreams , in 1955, and it immediately caused a stir. Freud asserted that, â€Å"the scientific theories of dreams leave no room for any problem of interpreting them, since in their view a dream is not a mental act at all . . . † (p.96).He highly disagreed with the idea that dreams meant nothing. He did not agree with the ideas of dreams being interpreted â€Å"symbolically† or by â€Å"decoding† (Freud, 1955, p. 96-97). Instead, he claimed to have found a â€Å"scientific methodâ⠂¬  to interpreting dreams (Freud, 1955, p. 100).Freud explained that he had attempted to â€Å"unravel . . . hysterical phobias, obsessional ideas, and so on† for years (p. 100). He finally came upon the notion â€Å"that if a dream can be inserted into the psychical chain†Ã‚   than the dream could be â€Å"treated as a symptom† (Freud, 1955, p. 101). Freud believed that interpreting dreams in a scientific way would reveal the true problem troubling the patient. The problem could then be treated, and the person would become well (Freud, 1955).Common knowledge of Freud includes the fact that he believed that dreams had to do with â€Å"unconscious sexual and aggressive wishes and fantasies unacceptable to the conscious ego† (Marszalek and Myers, 2006, p. 18) Carl Jung agreed that some dreams could have those implications, but not all (Marszalek and Myers, 2006). He believed that dreams were not just â€Å"disguises† for unmentionable feelings, but they were also â€Å"metaphors† and showed â€Å"creativity† and â€Å"individualization† (Marszalek and Myers, 2006, p. 19). Jung found seven â€Å"archetypes† that seem to appear â€Å"in every culture throughout time† (dreammoods.com).A few of these are the â€Å"Persona,† or the person you show to others, the â€Å"Shadow,† or things you do not like about yourself, and the â€Å"Divine Child,† you as your â€Å"true self†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (dreammoods.com).   Jung’s ideas have proven very helpful in some forms of   â€Å"counseling therapy† because they allow a person to make sense of their dreams and often realize what is behind their problems (Marszalek and Myers, 2006, p.22).Not everyone believes that dreams really mean anything, but most health professionals agree that dreams are very beneficial to people (Waters, 2002). For example, they can â€Å"reveal hidden anxiety, help consolidate memories, regul ate moods, and help to process emotions† (Waters, 2002).One physician notes that major depressives often have a hard time in the morning because their dreams were inadequate to solve their problems (Waters, 2002). Dreams are a time for â€Å"reflection . . . and creativity† (Waters, 2002). However, many physicians warn against getting â€Å"carried away† with interpreting dreams, as not every dream is going to have a â€Å"practical† function (Waters, 2002).However, some lay people do not agree with that assessment. Understand-your-dreams.com has several articles written by Dave Lappin, a self-appointed dream interpreter. Lappin believes that dreams â€Å"speak to us on a spiritual level† because we are â€Å"spiritual beings† (2006).Dreams hold the key to â€Å"a vast storehouse of knowledge† (Lappin, 2006). If we keep having the same dream over and over, it is because we â€Å"have not fully understood the dream message and used it in our waking state† (Lappin, 2006). For Lappin, and those like him, dreams always have a purpose and â€Å"information† for the dreamer.The book, Extraordinary Dreams and How to Work with Them, is something of a middle ground between believing all dreams have messages and no dreams have messages. For the authors, â€Å"ordinary† dreams simply â€Å"reflect daily experiences.† â€Å"Extraordinary† dreams, however, have many functions.They can be â€Å"telepathic, clairvoyant, and precognitive, and some can even be â€Å"out of body, lucid,† and   involve a past life or a visitation (Bogzaran, Krippner, and Percia de Carvalho, 2002). These studies show the cultural differences between groups of people. Many people from other countries and cultures were involved in the studies, and while they have â€Å"ordinary† dreams, they also have fantastic dreams that most modern cultures would be quick to dismiss.The concept of interpreting dre ams runs the gamut from no dream being particularly special to dreams directing our lives. It is difficult to determine what theory, if any, is correct. The truth is that we do dream, and we do often see and act out strange things in our dreams. We see people we have not seen in years, and we work out problems. We dream of ordinary things, and we dream of flying.Perhaps dreams are what a person makes of them. There is no need to believe that every dream will have an earthshattering message, but if a dream comforts a person or stirs them to act, that is all the better. In the end, your dream falls under your own interpretation. Your interpretation is better than what anyone else can give to you, for only you know your true self.AbstractInterpreting dreams has been of great interest to people for thousands of years. Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung are known as two of the authorities on interpreting dreams, even though they have different ideas on the interpretations.Many medical practitio ners see great mental benefits from dreaming, but they caution people to not get too wrapped up in analyzing dreams. Other people take note of their dreams constantly and model their lives around them. Different cultures have different ideas of what is normal in a dream, but in the end we must decide what is normal for ourselves. Regardless of all the information floating about, only we know ourselves well enough to know what our dreams really mean to us.Reference PageBiele, A. and Piotrowski, Z. (1986) Dreams: a key to self knowledge. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: New Jersey.Bogzaran, F., Krippner, S., and Percia de Carvalho. (2002) Extraordinary dreams and how to work with them. State University of New York Press: New York.www.dreammoods.com. Carl jung’s archetypes. http://www.dreammoods.com/dreaminformation/dreamtheory/jung3.htm Accessed September 14, 2006.Lappin, Dave. (2006) The spirituality of dreams. http://www.understand-your-dreams.com/spirituality_dreams.html Accesse d September 14, 2006.Freud, Sigmund. (1955) The interpretation of dreams. Basic Books: New York.Marszalek, J. and Myers, J. (2006) Dream interpretation: a developmental counseling and therapy approach. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 28:1, pgs. 18-30.Waters, J. (7/23/2002) Why do we dream? experts differ on the meaning. The Washington Times: B 01.

A Summer Tragedy Essay

Arna Bontemps uses the conventional plot structure in â€Å"A summer Tragedy† to present the theme of being hopelessness and desperation, a genuine love between a poor couple, loyalty, freedom, and liberation. The exposition introduces old Jeff Patton is the black share farmer who lives in the farm with Jennie, his wife, in New Orleans. Jeff and Jennie are two protagonists. Both of them are very old. He has a stroke and other body problems. They dress up their best attire to go for a journey. He cannot tie his bow by himself because of his trembled fingers. So, he calls his wife come to help him. This can be seen that Jennie is also blindness and weak health. Her body is aching. The rising action begins with a conversation that Jennie tells Jeff to bring the car while he is waiting. He doesn’t move because the mention of the car comes to his mind with intensity. He thinks about the trip that he will take with his wife. It is not a normal trip. He is so scared. His car is the rattling car. When he gets into the car, he was trembling violently. Jennie says she is ready to go. Jeff limps into the house and takes her. Jeff reminds Jennie about the door but Jennie answers that they have no reason to lock up. The rising action hints they will not come back here. They decide to flee from hopeless and despair life. During Jeff’s driving, he always thinks about his past life. He works hard for forty-five years with Major Stevenson. There is unfair labor, which can be seen by the way old man Stevenson treats his workers and even his farm animals (mules). He also thinks about his five children in a span of two years. In addition to this, they have debts which they cannot finish paying, were living in poverty and they had neighbors who they cannot trust as most of their chickens are stolen or killed from their home. Jeff realizes that he and his wife are lost for hope in their life. The falling action describes their hesitancy. Jennie is crying. She may reconsider that she does not want to leave all the things she used to. Jeff makes her calm down. He conscious that if he is still alive with a stroke, Jennie will have to look after him. Jeff’s love for Jennie is also seen, as he prefers dying than the thought of burdening her. The resolution shows that they have to get away from all this and suicide was the only thing they could think of. They wanted a life free from oppression and misery. The Pattons are going through many struggles. Death is seen as the only resolve out.

Unfair Treatment for Native Americans essays

Unfair Treatment for Native Americans essays Unfair Treatment for Native Americans Our forefathers forced thousands Native Americans were forced to leave their homes. They faced massacres that caused their population to decrease immensely. Between 1880-1980 half of Native American Children was drove form their home to boarding schools hundreds of miles away to be deculturized. Native American babies were adopted into Euro-American families and were never to find out who they were or where they originated from. Less than thirty years ago the United States Indian Health Service (IHS) conducted a program of involuntary sterilization that effected approximately forty percent of all Indian Women. IHS also gave Alaskan children the hepatitis B vaccine, a banned vaccine that correlates with the HIV virus. Thousands suffered and died of malnutrition and disease due to the circumstances America created. America surely bent over backwards to kill off the Indian population. At about the junior high age level Children will learn about the Holocaust, a time period when Germans liquidated thousands of innocent Jews. United States schools will stress how awful this was and how evil the Germans were. While this may be true, the United States has alike history with Germany. School children are not taught how cruel and evil our forefathers were. Some of the German leaders were hung after the Holocaust for their Crimes against humanity. No one was ever punished for all of the wrong doing to the Native American people. While what Americans did to the Native Americans may not be as extreme as the Holocaust, it is not excusable. What America did was indeed a Crime against Humanity. Today the United States Native Names are used to name professional sports teams such- Atlanta Braves, Cleveland Indians and Washington Redskins. Along with the team names the U.S. Also uses the Indian mascots such as- feathers, beads, buckskins, spears, etc. Despite th...

Is the New SAT Easier 6 Helpful Changes to Know

Is the New SAT Easier 6 Helpful Changes to Know SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Change is scary, and the SAT was already kind of scary in the first place, so you might be feeling apprehensive about the new test. Good news: It's possible that the new SAT will be easier for some (or even most!) students. In this article, I'll go through some predictions about which aspects of the new SAT have the potential to make it a less challenging test and which types of students are most likely to benefit. Overview of Changes for the New SAT First, I’ll just do a quick summary of the changes you can expect on the test in general. It's helpful to have some background information before I give you my predictions. You can also read this article for a more substantive description! Changes to Overall Format: The new SAT is out of 1600 points rather than 2400. The Reading and Writing sections will be compressed into one section worth 800 points (Math will still have its own section). There will be four answer choices for each question instead of five. The test will have just four large sections (Reading, Writing, Math with no calculator, and Math with a calculator) plus the essay. Changes to Reading: There will be no more sentence completion questions (all questions are passage-based). Some questions will ask you to identify textual evidence for your answers to previous questions. Data interpretation questions that ask you to read charts and graphs will show up alongside some passages. Passages will always be in the same topic order (one passage dealing with US and World Literature, two passages dealing with History and Social Studies, and two passages dealing with Science). Changes to Writing ("Writing and Language" on the New Test): All questions will be based on longer passages rather than isolated sentences. Writing style will be more important (structuring paragraphs and making logical reasoning flow appropriately). Some data interpretation questions will show up here as well. Changes to the Essay: It's gonna be optional! You'll have 50 minutes instead of 25. You will need to analyze an argument that you read in a passage rather than writing your own opinion-based response to a prompt. Your essay score won’t impact your Reading and Writing score. Changes to Math: There will be basic trigonometry on the test. Some problems will have more than one part. Questions will deal with real-world scenarios more frequently and have less tricky wording. There is a no-calculator section. Why Might the New SAT Be Easier? Here are a few reasons why the test might be easier, based on the changes I outlined in the previous section. You Won’t Have to Jump Back and Forth Between Subjects One of the struggles that a lot of people had with the old SAT was that it required you to switch test-taking mentalities constantly through ten short sections.It was impossible to know ahead of time how the sections would be ordered.You might encounter a Math section, a Reading section, and then another Math section, which was disorienting to students who are better at focusing on a single subject for a longer period of time.With the longer sections on the new SAT that occur in the same order on every test, you’ll know exactly what to expect, and you'll get everything over with at once for each subject (similar to the ACT). You Won’t Need to Know Obscure Vocabulary Words Sentence completion questions, the bane of many a student's existence, are no more on the new test.Vocabulary will be tested in context rather than in isolation.You’ll still be asked what words mean, but they will be embedded in passages, so there will be more context clues to help you determine their meanings.These will be challenging but commonly used words, which have more practical value to most students than many of the words that were tested on the old SAT. You'll Be Able to Plan Better for the Reading Section As I mentioned, the passages in the Reading section are now predictable in their basic subject matter.This means that you can come up with a strategy for which passages to read first before you even see the test.You can decide to skip straight to the science passages if you think they’ll be easiest for you. (I’d recommend starting with your strongest subject.) Ben Franklin probably would have read the science passages first. Although he had many interests, so I can't say for sure. When he was 16, he trolled his own brother's newspaper with satirical letters to the editor that he wrote as a widow named "Silence Dogood." The Essay Will Be Less Stressful You don’t even have to write an essay on the new SAT if the colleges where you’re applying don’t require it. The mandatory essay was one of the aspects of the old SAT that students always feared.You had so little time to write, and the essay could heavily influence your overall Writing score.The new essay is scored completely separately from the rest of the test, so it won’t impact your Reading/Writing score. You also have 50 minutes for it rather than 25.If writing under pressure is difficult for you, this is good news! Writing Will Be Less Nit-Picky and More Practical The Writing section on the old version of the SAT contained many questions that asked about tricky little grammar issues likeillogical comparisons and subject-verb or pronoun agreement. The new Writing section will have fewer questions like this and more questions that ask about writing skills that will be familiar to you based on your high school coursework. For example, you might be asked where a sentence fits most logically in a paragraph. Math Questions Will Be More Straightforward Although some more challenging math concepts will be tested on the new SAT (trigonometry), the questions will be less puzzle-like.The steps you need to take to find the answer will be clearer, so you won’t have to use your reading comprehension skills as much on the math section.Here’s a sample grid-in question labeled as an â€Å"easy† problem on the new test: If a2 + 14a = 51 and a 0, what is the value of a + 7? This question gets right to the point and is not worded confusingly.If you have the foundational math skills, you’ll be able to solve it without getting tripped up by phrasing. You can solve the equation with factoring, and the correct answer is 10!Now, here’s a sample multiple choice question labeled as a â€Å"hard† problem: Which of the following is equal to sin(Ï€/5)? A. -cos(Ï€/5)B. -sin(Ï€/5)C. cos(3Ï€/10)D. sin(7Ï€/10) Notice that this question isn’t any more confusing or â€Å"tricky† than the easy question; it just requires more advanced math knowledge.In this case, you would need to know the trigonometric identity sin(x) = cos(Ï€/2 - x).Plug in Ï€/5 for x, and you get cos(3Ï€/10), choice C. Pizza can help you learn trigonometry. This slice is approximately 45 degrees of deliciousness (minus the olives). Will the New SAT Be Easier for You? Although there are some aspects of the new SAT that could potentially make it easier for all students, specific types of students may find the test to be significantly easier.If any of these descriptions apply to you, you might be in for a pleasant surprise on the new SAT. Math and Science Are Your Strong Suits Math will make up a greater proportion of your score on the new SAT (half versus a third), so math geeks will have a bit more of an edge.The Math section will also test slightly more advanced concepts and will not require as much reading comprehension.The Reading section of the test even includes data interpretation, which should be a breath of fresh air for students who feel more comfortable with science than English. Writing Is a Weaker Subject for You The essay on the new SAT involves reading a passage and then writing an analysis of the author’s argument.If you had trouble with the old SAT’s opinion-based essay format, you might feel more comfortable with the more specific expectations of the new essay.The essay is also optional, as I’ve mentioned a couple of times before, so if you’re not confident in your writing skills, you may be able to avoid it altogether.Writing is combined with Reading in your final score, so it no longer makes up a separate score out of 800. It’s will be slightly less important to your overall score. You’re Not Very Confident in Your Vocabulary Skills Have you spent a lot of time dreading the SAT because of all the crazy words you need to know for sentence completion questions?You’ll be much better off on the new version of the test.Many students find the vocabulary to be one of the most intimidating aspects of the SAT; being tested on more practical words in the context of the passageshould make it less intimidating. You Can Read Quickly This would have been an advantage on the old SAT too, but it will play even better on the new test.Since all Reading and Writing questions are passage-based, there’s more reading overall on the test.If you’re a fast reader, you’ll be able to overcome what I think will be one of the toughest problems for students on the new SAT: time management. Be a cheetah! Not to be confused with a cheater (although PrepScholar is based in the Boston area). Conclusion: Is the New SAT Easier? The changes that are coming to the SAT may make the test easier to handle for certain students.Changes that could make the new SAT less challenging overall include: No sentence completion questions Optional essay Less confusing math questions More predictable structure and content You personally might like the new test a lot better if: You’re more comfortable with Math/Science than Reading/Writing Vocabulary is not your strong suit You’re a fast reader The test will be significantly different, but don’t let it scare you too much.It’s highly possible that you’ll feel more confident on the new version of the SAT! What's Next? Are you still trying to decide whether you should take the new SAT or the ACT this year? Read this article for advice on which test will suit you better. If you're planning on taking the new SAT, it might be difficult to settle on a goal score with the changes to the format. Learn more about how to calculate a reasonable target score for the updated version of the test. You should also check out the SAT test dates for this year so you can plan ahead for the test! Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights Essay

The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Essay Example human rights although structured with a very specific content can sometimes be given different meaning because under the influence of the members of the decisive levels of society’ (Fonte, J., 2004, p.3). In the specific paper human rights are examined from their international perspective as it has been formulated under the influence of United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. At a next level a specific country, Canada, has been chosen as a ‘sample of examination’ regarding the recognition of the value of human rights and their respect throughout the rules set by the government. The study of this issue is mainly based on a specific book which is analyzed as of its structure and its content while the views presented are being criticized as of their applicability in modern life. In this context, current paper has been formulated in order to present as more analytically as possible the ideas and the proposals included in the particular book trying to support any a rgument with the appropriate theoretical and practical data, wherever this has been possible. The presentation of Canada’s political and economic history could be characterized as satisfactory. More specifically, Part I, Chapter 1 and Chapter Three present the country’s structural characteristics supported with a series of statistical data with an extended emphasis on the current economic and political characteristics of the country. A more detailed historical review is included in Chapter Seven which deals also with the country’s capitalist economic development. The comparison with similar conditions in other countries – which are geographically connected with Canada , like United States – help the understanding of current economic and political conditions in the Canadian region. As an example it is mentioned that ‘during the nineteenth century the shift in the centre of the system, from Britain to the United States, began to take place; Economic inter ­locks between Canada and the

Emotions Atitudes and Job Satisfaction Assignment

Emotions Atitudes and Job Satisfaction - Assignment Example Besides, the moods affect the personal perception and judgments. The long-term exposures to stress filled environments or moods suggesting negativity are a recipe to certain illnesses as ulcers, diabetes, and heart disease. In relation to job performance, the decision-making under the spell of negative mood leads to poor and regrettable decisions that often affect the company in which an individual works (KOSTEAS, 2010). On the other hand, it is important to learn the benefits that accrue to positive mood. In contrast to negative mood, the positive mood is responsible for instilling courage, by motivating creativity and widening the possibility of amicable solution to problems. This critical component influences the ability to make positive decisions that work to the benefit of the company. Despite the fact that positive moods often work to the advantage of most companies, it can also create false optimism, as it often entails exaggerated excitement. His can influence mistimed and careless negative decision-making. In a bid to understand moods, it is important to understand the details of emotions. Emotions are reciprocal with such factors as disposition, temperament, motivation, mood and personality. The major influencers of the emotions are neurotransmitters and hormones, such as serotonin and dopamine. Dopamine, for instance, affects the individual’s mood and level of energy. On the other hand, serotonin affects the skills of critical thinking. These are the components of emotional behavior. Evidently, emotions are largely a chemical imbalance in the mind for negative emotional behavior, or a mental chemical balance for a positive emotional behavior. The implications of a certain emotional trait are responsible for complications in an individual’s reaction to social interaction. Besides, the emotions can blur judgments without the ability of a person

Market for Ajax Foods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Market for Ajax Foods - Assignment Example During this test market for Ajax Foods, all the variables in the marketing plan will be tested for the introduction of chicken pies in the grocery stores. We will carry out the test market in â€Å"hot deli† section where there are other variables such as competition with the existing products, the varying prices; package and promotion will be introduced on each section used in order to ascertain customer reaction about the new product. The new product will be left to compete with the existing products. The number of stores we will use will be adequate enough to represent the entire market so that we get actual results on the ground without bias. The customers will be left to make their own decision on purchasing the product (Klan 26).For convenience and efficiency, we will also include internet online tests through the use of surveys in addition to the test branches and sections, when testing the new product. In case customers respond positively to the introduced product, and this will be ascertained by the quantity and quality of sales data that the president requires making an accept or reject decision, then the president can go ahead and introduce other items such as shepherd’s pie and quiche.

Lord of the Flies - novel by William Golding (1954) Essay Example for Free

Lord of the Flies novel by William Golding (1954) Essay In this essay I will be comparing the three approaches to the incident of Piggys death. This is a very significant moment in the Lord of the Flies and symbolises how outcasts are treated in a broken down society. I will be comparing the novel by William Golding, with the film by Peter Brook and the film by Harry Hook. The original book was written directly after World War 2, which had a great influence on how Golding decided to plan and write his book. The original book is the true Lord of the Flies, and the films are adaptations of the original novel. The film that was made in 1961 by Peter Brook was a very close interpretation of the original novel. The characters are the same, the setting is same, and the whole story loosely follows the same pattern as the book. Brook used thirty boys, aged eight to fourteen with non-acting backgrounds, as they all came from a randomly picked London school. He took them to an island off Puerto Rico for 3 months, in which time he filmed this masterpiece, which was ground breaking at the time and closely followed the book. It was original and daring, and was filmed in black and white with restricted amount of equipment. In contrast, the second film produced by Harry Hook in 1994, which was based on the same idea, but was set in different situations. The audience he was attracting needed much more action and adventure, which the old version doesnt show and would probably be laughed at by Hooks audience. The film needed to be original, which it was to his audience, but he cleverly used the book and the other film as a basis on which to build his ideas. The film, Lord of the Flies by Harry Hook was filmed in colour, with American actors playing as army cadets with mod cons such as army knives and watches. Changes such as including adults in the story and use of strong language add a twist to the original novel, and which isnt portrayed in the 1961 version. It moves completely away from Goldings original narrative, and his initial intentions. The opening shot is similar in the three versions of Lord of the Flies, but also has differences. The differences between the two films become evident at the opening of the scene. As the thundering waves are hurled against the sharp, jagged rocks with the darkness and savagery within them, the scene becomes clear. Brook turns to the boys walking along, you just know that something is going to happen. In the Peter Brook film, the coastline is the main feature, with the boys looking small, walking along. The faces of the boys are not so easy to depict until they get close enough. Ralph, Piggy and SamnEric, are looked down on by the camera, with the commanding rocks and the roaring sea all around. However, the boys dont seem to be put off by this and look positive and intentional in their visit. In comparison, the Hook film shows the shot to be not so dark and suspicious, but more religious and sacrificial. The background noise of the crashing waves is substituted with choral singing. This time, we only see Ralph and Piggy approaching the rocks. Piggy is wearing full cadet uniform and appears not to be having problems with his sight. The boys are at the same level, and the darkness and savagery seems to be lost from this film. Both films have followed the idea of the book, Hooks version more loosely than Brooks film. Neither mentioned how much Ralph was injured or his ragged appearance as in the novel, Ralph went first, limping a little, a spear carried over one shoulder. The films left this out because it may well have not appealed to their audiences, as the hero doesnt look perfect, especially with the later film. Hook also left out SamnEric in the advancing bunch. Golding, who wrote the original Lord of the Flies, starts this scene by retelling some of the plot. He reminds the reader how such a beautiful island has been effected by society, and how individuals can ruin things for everyone. The sky and the mountain were at an immense distance, shimmering in the heat; and the reef was lifted by mirage, floating in a kind of silver pool half-way up the sky. This little interlude reflects on the past, and will maybe add more impact to the incidents to come. Golding also mentions fire, which reminds the reader of how Jack stole the glasses off helpless Piggy, to use for their own comfort and as a aid for a cooking fire. The first sign of conflict between Jack and Ralph is when they meet. They start to argue and quarrel, and tension is built up within this period. This is the same with all three texts. Ralph intentions are clear as he approaches, but Jack wants none of it. In the novel, Golding has built up the tension with words he uses, Ralphs temper blazed out. The sentences are short, and not very descriptive. The main feature of the scene, the fight, is portrayed similarly in all three texts. They attack each other vigorously, and the real conflict and anger between the two groups is apparent. In the film, by Brook, the camera can be used to aid the build up of tension as well as the dialogue. The short camera angles used reflect Goldings staccato language. The camera looks up to Jack, and down to Ralph. He appears in a definite commanding position. The camera follows Jacks face, which appears dark against the rock, and is hidden whenever Ralph speaks to hide his thoughts. He wears a mask to hide his face, which is savage and evil. Prior to the fight, the camera sways to Jacks barbarous face, with him holding his spear, with only the point showing. This shows the wildness and spite within Jack. This is shown similarly in the Hook film, but Jack doesnt wear a mask, so we see more of his face. However, Hook has decided to use stronger language to convey the anger between the two boys. Hook chose similar camera movements and patterns to Brooks film, as they seemed to show the positions of the characters well and would appeal to his modern audience. Ralph and his gang are portrayed as the lower, weaker force, and Jacks rabble are shown as being in control. The main feature, the fight, is depicted equally in the three texts. Both sides seem angered, and in Hooks film, the loss of society is also shown. Ralph, usually the well-balanced, even-tempered individual, is lowered to such means as fighting. On the other hand, that is Jacks usual way of settling things. Roger has a strong influence on Piggys death and plays a significant role, in all three interpretations of the Lord of the Flies. Roger is first introduced into the scene in the novel, when he starts to toss rocks at Ralph. His physical appearance is kept a secret and is only released when he pushes the lever, Roger, with a sense of delirious abandonment, leaned all his weight on the lever. Roger is introduced earlier on in Brooks film. What we see of Roger is a godly figure, with his face outlined to the sky. Hook shows us a close up of Rogers face from below. He is painted with black paint around the eyes and mouth, which looks like deep hollows in which evil is to be found. He is a symbol of evil and power and as a slight grimace creeps along his face, the audience is shocked by this terrifying image. His intentions become clearer as the scene advances. A longer period of time is spent on him, so does the amount we see of him. When the camera shows us his hand going towards the lever, the anticipation is built up, with the climax of him releasing it with great force, pounding down onto Piggys head. Roger is not so well shown in Hooks film. Most of the time he is hidden by the cliff edge and the other savages, but once the stone is released, Rogers face is no longer mysterious, but is clear. This makes the audience feel suspicion and fear towards Roger. Piggy is the main character in the scene, and is based on the character first developed in Goldings novel in both the book and the films. Piggy has similarities and differences in the films, but the main feeling of Piggys character is conveyed quite well. In Peter Brooks film, Piggy is uneasy about the situation, poised on the steep rocks which seem to fall into hell. He is wearing full uniform, showing his intentions to keep rules. The camera is overhead, and makes us feel pity for Piggy who is helpless. In the build up to the death, the camera focuses on short close-up shots of Piggys face to show his hopelessness and anxiety. Piggys voice is blurred by the natural sounds of the roaring of the sea crashing against the rocks. Ralph forgets what he came for, and Piggy knows this. This has an effect on the audience to feel empathy for Piggy. Harry Hook has changed Piggys character, to fit his wants and his audiences wants. He doesnt make Piggy as disabled as Brook does in his film. He allows Piggy to be able to see fairly well and able him to stand on the same level platform as Ralph. Piggy isnt left out or forgotten during the fight, and can be seen in the shots of the fight, standing in the background. In the book, Piggy seems extremely scared and worried of what was about to happen as he clings onto the steep sided rock face. Am I safe? quavered Piggy. I feel awful-. Brooks film is better on picking up on the idea that Piggy is supposed to be very disadvantaged. Piggys emotions are shown well in all three texts, as a close up in the film, or as strong description in the novel. The murder is the main feature in the scene we are studying. It has a strong impact on the audience in all of the texts and is transmitted differently in each. In the novel, Piggys death is compared to a pig after his death, which is rather ironic, Piggys arms and legs twitched a bit, like a pigs after it has been killed. The language used here is very severe and looks as thought Golding doesnt really care about what has just happened to Piggy. After this there is a silence all around, until it is disturbed by a little speech between Jack and Ralph, followed by Jack throwing his spear at Ralph, which then leads him to run away, with spears coming at him from all directions. This isnt shown in either of the films, and in Brooks film, nothing is said, and Ralph just flees. Brook has a lengthy build up to his death scene in his film. Hints are dropped all the time, with the camera continually looking at the rough sea and jagged rocks, then at Piggys confused face. Brook supports Goldings language, with only a few minor changes. In the build up to the climax, the camera continually switches between Piggy and Roger, with longer shots to Roger as we get ever closer to the climax. Also, the noise of the jeering boys gets louder, and sounds more and more like air raid sirens, which adds to the effect of anticipation. This is obviously significant because it indicates the society the boys have just left, and shows the links to situations of which Golding has just witnessed before he wrote his novel, and of the tragedy of war. However, this is something that Brooks audience may not clearly remember so wouldnt be so obvious in his film. The final shot of Roger is of him pushing down on the lever as with Goldings novel. The face looks emotionless until the rock is released, when a wide, evil smirk smears across his face. The camera stays still to make Roger look as though he is pushing harder, as he moves out of the shot. We see the rock rolling down, and then we see Piggys viewpoint of the rock above, coming straight, bang down onto his head. Immediately as the rock hits Piggy, the jeering comes to a halt, and all is left is the roaring sounds of nature. All, including Jack seem shocked, but Roger is not. The camera switches between the characters showing their disbelief of that which Roger had just done. To end the lengthy scene, Brook has a shot of Ralph looking in commiseration down to Piggy. The camera is then just left still as Ralph scurries over the rocks. Harry Hook has changed the death scene in his film to suit his modern audience. Brook has kept close to the language with Piggys speech, and has only changed a few parts to suit more to his audience. In the shot where Roger releases the rock, the director shows the shot from Ralphs point of view. As the rock falls, Ralph shouts NO! in a slow motion speech. Piggy is oblivious to the situation due to his eyesight. He says nothing, and just falls flat onto the rock and lies there in a pool of blood. This loosely follows the original text by Golding. Golding described how Piggy was knocked into the water and got washed away, whereas there was no sight of this in Hooks film. Youre not gonna get away with this says Ralph after the death. Jack thinks logically and says that Ralph was on his own, which he most definitely was. The speaking is then terminated by the boys throwing stones at Ralph as he speeds away along the beach. All three versions of the Lord of the Flies are interpreted differently, but use the same original story line written by William Golding. All are effective, but some are more so than the others. Personally, I think that Peter Brook directed the best film. This is because it was more appealing to the audience at that time, it was more successful and it follows the book much closer than the other film, which was directed by Harry Hook. However, I do like the book for the detail and originality within it. To me the text vividly describes the sights of horror and the dramatic feelings of loss and grief felt by the societies at this particular time of World War 2. At the time the book was written, which was just after the war, total communities had witnessed such devastation as was described in the book. They could relate directly to the savagery and the way the murder was committed in cold blood. I feel the book also cleverly puts the characters into stereotypes of the time, showing how certain communities and their structures can be so easily destroyed.

Rate of Reaction Experiment - Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Rate of Reaction Experiment - Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid To investigate the effect, of changing the concentration of a reactant, in a chemical reaction on it rate. The equation used for the experiment was: Sodium + Hydrochloric Sulphur + Sulphur + Sodium + water Thiosulphate acid dioxide chloride Na2S2O3 + 2HCl(aq) S(s) + SO(g) + NaCL(aq) + H2O The Collision Theory can explain reaction rates perfectly. A chemical reaction can only occur between particle when they hit or collide at a minimal amount of energy need for them to react this is called the activation energy. The rates of a reaction depends on how hard and often the reacting particles collide. Basically, particles have to collide in order to react 1) They must also collide hard enough to give a reaction. 2) Pressure can also affect reaction rates between gases, an increase in pressure pushes the molecules closer together making them collide more often, which in turn increases the reaction rate. 3) A presence of a Catalyst could affect the result, as it is a substance that alters the rate of the reaction. without itself appearing in the final result. When a solution becomes more concentrated it means there are more particles of reactant knocking between the water molecules, this means collisions between important particles more likely. In a gas, increasing the pressure means the molecules are more squashed together, there will then be lots more collisions. Higher temperature also increases the energy of the collisions, it makes particles move faster. Faster collisions can only b caused by increasing the temperature. enzymeThis is shown in the diagram opposite. The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution and activation energy For a reaction to take place particles have got to collide with energies greater than or equal to the activation energy for the reaction, this can be marked on Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution. I have chosen to investigate the effect concentration has on a reaction. I chose this because it is the easier to prepare and will provide the most accurate set of results. Equipment --------- Hydrochloric acid (5cm3) Sodium thiosulphate Paper with black cross on Conical flasks Goggles Water Pipette Measuring cylinder Method To provide fair accurate results it is important to ensure that the same printed cross is used for each experiment. In this the experiment the amount of Sodium Thiosulphate is varied each time in comparison to the amount of water used, the solution will always add up to 45cm3. There will always be 5cm3 of hydrochloric acid used. The experiment was performed at room temperature as this made the experiment easy to perform, as no heating or cooling devises were necessary.

Case Study: Lean Implementation at Siemens’ Kalwa Plant Essay

1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY & COMPANY BACKGROUND Briefly, in this case we glimpse on Kalwa Planet-Siemens in India which improve itself from a traditional organization to lean management structure. The first Siemens work shop started on May 1st, 1955 in a small place on Mumbai with 10 employees and with very simple equipment’s. Their main business is fixing damaged switch boards and other fabrication jobs which most of their components were imported and small number of them produced inside workshop. In 2009 Siemens company in India consolidate its place rather than before this factory equipped with the most modern machinery and testing facilities and 40 percent of the India Siemens worked in Kalwa factory, not only they change their role during these years from a simple assembly site to the medium voltage switchboards (M1) producer ,medium voltage indoor and outdoor vacuum circuit breakers (MC) producer , gas insulated switcher (M2-GIS)producer in support of the main company , but also they improved their position in the market , now the company has 5 factories in Mumbai , Nasik , Calcutta ,Aurangabad and Goa , 4000 employees and 11 sales offices, 300 dealers . Furthermore their company is second Siemens factories outside of Germany after Brazil branch. Siemens improve its products in 4 sections: 1-industry 2-energy 3-healthcare 4-consumer products in India and all of the world and our case company manufactured low variety and high variety products which belong to power distribution segment, energy division. Siemens Company in India competed with ABB, Areva, Schneider electrics on the other hand Kalwa products exported to Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives, Oman, Qatar and etc. In 2009, 60 to 65 percent of The Switchboard Factory (WSWB) area allocated to manufacturing panels (M1) and IVCBs (MC) and remain space remains for manufacturing OVCB (MC) and M2 products. This company had 400 personnel (blue and white collar) and employees worked in 2 working shifts and one additional shift (if necessary). Manufacture cycle – order planning and logistic: Initially , SOE (sales order engineering) was the first segment in M1 which had some duties like: design manufacturing ,process planning ,testing and quality package and dispatch commercial , incoming inspection and stores. Local customers ordered to the regional sales team and marketing team focused on export orders. Every order that transferred to the SOE marked and entered to the factory. All the orders must passed two stages: 1-Design and engineering stage , 2-order planning and execution stage. After an order received by marketing section, then SEO prepared an engineering drawing with cooperation with sales colleagues and customer (to cover customer needs), these drawing prepaid in 2 stage A and B , in stage A : they have all info except wiring diagram which completed in section B .after passing these two levels they sent their drawing to the customer to approve and then send it to the manufacturing. During these processes SEO consulted them to avoid any non standard customer requirement if all the level passed correctly the documents were passed to the manufacturing department. Technical Order Processing department (TOP) received orders and recorded it in to the production planning database according to their times then delivery committee tried to estimated the delivery date to the customer. Every order needed two type of raw materials (equipments) :1-electrical , 2- mechanical ,the top staff wrote the necessary equipments in a list that called (BOM) bill of materials list . The BOM sent by enterprise resource planning software (ERP) to the material planning department, mechanical equipments were existed inside of the company and electrical needed to order to the supplier. Then procurement cycle started next equipments release to the shop according to the requirement. The exits manufacturing system had many error, waste and inefficiencies in shop floor and logistic (they wasted long time and valuable raw materials and sometimes the manufactured panels wasted because of weak layout design) , on the other hand on 2006 customer demands increased around 75 percent and managers need to enhance their manufacturing process efficiency to reduce their costs and respond sooner to the customer demand .in October 2006 Siemens AG sent a letter regarding the implementation of lean management in Kalwa company and mentioned they eagerness to improve Kalwa factory like the other branches during the world . They expected this implementation will enhance company’s capacity to triple during five or six years. Lean management implementation steps: The lean management team visited Siemens site in Turkey which managed in lean management methods then consultant added to the team members , one of the most important duties for managers and team member is to clarify how much this implementation is vital for the company to hold its market share and all the personnel had a critical role to achieve this goal , thus managers started the Lean management process with brain storming among all the company sections , they asked which points make waste during production process ? They wanted to know and eliminate any waste of time and raw material during production line. However, changing the working methods which many person work with it for many years has some resentment among different groups. the lean team decided to divide their changes to : 1-layout 2-support system 3-vendor management 4-cultural changes , which these changes caused to improve the Kalwa company efficiency. Lean team had meeting with personnel of sections that had more errors after lean implementation, team members tried to find out problems and seek to solve the issue. 2.0 QUESTION 1 Has Siemen’s Kalwa plant been effective in achieving lean implementation? In our opinion, Siemens Kalwa Plant has been affective in achieving lean implementation. The main contributing factors for an effective lean implementation for Siemens Kalwa Plant are as follows: 1. Top Management provide a very good support and clear direction a. Lead by Global Head, Mr Gewald b. Siemens Kalwa Plant General Manager, Mr Khandekar c. Mr Khandekar, demonstrating â€Å"walk the talk† by showing his commitment by closely involved in the implementation activity to ensure the workers understood the objectives 2. Proper planning in understanding the as is process and to be process d. 6 months of impact assessment and feasibility study on Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB) existing product line processes 3. Lean objectives and target was communicated clearly to the whole team in Kalwa plant e. Introduction of Gewald to the shop floor workers and office employees to clearly communicate the initiative and the lean implementation objectives f. Clearly communicate that lean implementation to be introduced to only manufacture of panels and VCB. g. Provide clear reason on why the two (manufacture of panels and VCB) was chosen 4. Formation of Implementation team to operationalize and monitor h. Siemens Kalwa Plant General Manager, Mr Khandekar as the head for both the panels and VCB implementation team i. Supported by Mr Vedak for VCB j. Working group from cross functional team managers and executives 5. Site visit to learn from a real life lean implementation k. 2-3 team members and Mr Vedak visited lean plant Maruti l. Kandekar and Vedak visited Siemens Switchboard in Turkey 6. Appointment of consultant to help on the lean implementation m. The consultant provide tangible potential benefits i. Increased productivity of labours ii. Reduction in Inventory Level iii. Improve space utilization n. Knowledge sharing and best practice based on real life lean implementation from other industries 7. Organization are highly committed and motivated in implementing lean o. Group leaders support the workers maintaining the pace of the line p. Khandekar and his management team will attend the dashboard meeting to resolve issues q. By the actions of 7.a and 7.b, the employee realizes the importance of the initiative and start to commit themselves in making it a success r. With proper training, the employee feels engage and motivated to ensure the initiatives is a success The 7 contributing factors above enable Siemens Kalwa plant to effectively implement the changes required below: 1. Layout changes a. Assembly line introduced b. Work station based on order c. Fixed â€Å"takt† time 2. Support System changes d. Introducing Dashboard – for issue escalation e. A fix time to discuss the escalated issue. The and mandatory for the f. Training to ensure the employee has the right skill-sets 3. Vendor Management g. Able to adopted Just In Time (JIT) supplies delivery h. Able to embrace â€Å"Pull† Philosophy 4. Cultural changes i. Team â€Å"belongingness† j. Uniform dress-code After 12 months of implementing lean, Siemens Kalwa Plant achieved its 3 main objectives for implementing Lean processes bases on the followings business outcome: 1. Panel throughput time on the shop floor had reduced by approximately by 30 per cent 2. First Pass Yield (FPY) had increased by approximately by 40 per cent 3. Worker productivity had increased approximately by 30 per cent Siemens Kalwa plant should further refine and improve the improved processes/functions or to include other processes/functions which not part of the original scope to be part of the lean implementation. Siemens Kalwa plant should look into implementing lean to the remaining processes/functions as shown below: 1. Design department processes/functions 2. Engineering department processes/functions 3. Vendor and supplier manufacturing processes/functions The approach above combine with the adherence to lean principles and lean steps should ensure lean implementation is sustainable. 3.0QUESTION 2 How was the organization’s change process managed? Actually this company had different sections which needed to change during lean management theory for example : shop floor , design and engineering departments, vendor and suppliers all of these sections work in traditional methods .on the other these company use two different kinds of resources 1- mechanical , 2-electical which mechanical components exist in the company warehouse. But; electrical components needs to order and buy from suppliers, this company manufacture in mass customization method. As a matter of fact  changes had started with cooperation between Mr.Kulkarni with corporate strategy department to find out feasible switchboard part for implementation lean management in process , on the other hand management replacement occurred ; Mr. Kulkarni was promoted to director of Medium voltage Division and Mr. Khandekar raised to general manager for WSWB factory . Following, Mr. Gewald worldwide person in charge of lean project in the Siemens Switch Boards arrived at the Ka lwa factory , and manager introduced him to the shop floor workers and office employees and they decided to implement lean management in the VCB company too . In the first step Vedak and some members of the team had a trip to the lean plant of Maruti and they could understood benefits of lean management at the same time some American consultants arrived to the Kalwa factory to cooperate with them in lean management process implementation. Initially consultants had a meeting with manager and explained for him benefits of lean management like: increase productivity, reduction in inventory levels and improve space utilization. In 2008 khandekar and Vedak visited Siemens site in Turkey and surprised of implement lean management results in company efficiency. Managers needed to restructure layout and process to implement lean management .obviously errors, inefficiencies and wastes were not clear before implementation, during this process managers asked every department idea to achieve efficient ways and reduce next impact between personnel. Kalwa Company needs this process because total demands enhanced for their panels. Company must changed ex ist traditional layout in operating sections that needed unity among workers and supervisors. They decided to cultivate workers with rewards if they will catch the enough production monthly. They decided to prepare six work stations along their five assembly lines and they made this process flexible to use leader worker team to help the other assembly line (if necessary). As a Mather of fact, it’s necessary to change support system for new layout, managers used a board at the beginning of every assembly line which describe who are person in charges? Production features and their quantity? And necessary raw materials this board called dashboard and help to the company to find out the mistake or weakness points during the process. Seriously, suppliers were one of the most vital parts for their JIT and lean management. Lean companies need the correct part in a correct time because they do not have inventory any more. In the beginning  there were many inconsistency between company’s operational section and suppliers which cause to direct meeting between lean team members with them and team members describe that it is possible this methods make extra cost for you but in long time this method will improve company production quantity and improve your selling. Mr. khandekar decided to gathered every line member (engineers , workers , etc ) as a team to improve their organization culture , for feeling team belonging he decided to take 30 min for their pray and sport activity daily. 3.0 QUESTION 3 What resistance did Khandekar face in implementing the change and why? Lean is consider one of the most important success factor in an organization strategy as one of its main focus is to diminish impediments to the production line in order to ensure smooth process flow by eliminating waste. As noted in the article, time waste was evident throughout the department in the value chain and this requires major changes to the process flow. Since this would involve adjustment to the process flow and directly impact the way employees had been performing their task for years, it has created resentment from various groups of employees. Eventually, most of the departments involved are becoming defensive of their own approach and the way they do their work. At the beginning of every line there were dashboards installed throughout the shop floor, SOE and right to the dispatch section. The shop engineers and workers will post all issues that occurred on the line including the names of the people involved. The errors uncovered from various departments thru lean system which are overlooked previously has formed strong resentment among the workers especially for those who weren’t at ease in admitting their mistakes. This has leads to workers blaming each other which ended out with heated arguments among the departments. Furthermore, the structure change within the team, high human intervention in team activities and lack of synchronization between departments has contributed to high numbers of errors. One of the main reasons that contributed to this resistance is because the workers view the lean system as just another initiative from the management. Furthermore, the workers bonuses were solely dependent on the line’s productivity. In the event where throughput of the line is hampered due to issues, workers’ productivity as well as their salary will be affected as they need to wait until the issue is resolve and might need to extend their working hours. Therefore, the disruption was unacceptable and was compounded by the labour union. Vendor management is considered one of the toughest issues and it posed major challenges for Kalwa plant. All this while, vendors were so used to supplying in batches the required materials and goods for a large numbers of orders by a certain date. Thus majority of the vendors could maximize the cost advantages due to supplying materials in bulk. However, with lean implementation, the material is only required once the individual panel came on the production line since there is no longer needs for materials to be delivered by batch or by customers order. The change had a vast impact to suppliers where vendors were required to be constantly reminded of the new arrangement and to deliver the goods the following day which impede their profits since they could no longer exploit the economies of scale. Additionally, the new set up has also leave an impact to the material planning group as they need to arrange order for individual panels constantly instead of ordering in bulk and require to be in constant contact with the suppliers to ensure the material is delivered on time. 5.0QUESTION 4 How did Khandekar handle the resistant to change? The company faces several challenges despite the benefits of successful implementation were attractive. The challenges among others include restructuring the organization, getting the staff to accept the lean implementation and handling the resistance from internal and external stakeholders. One of the way Khandekar handle the resistance to change is by organizing meeting to explain to the employees the importance of adopting lean to cater the growing demand for panels. This lean was implemented at the shop floor which also requires the supporting department to adopt the lean implementation which includes layout changes, changes in the support system, changes in vendor management and cultural challenges. As for the layout change, the group leader plays a role to support the workers in maintaining the pace of the line. The workers will press an â€Å"and on† light which would then light up another â€Å"add on† lamp in the manufacturing department’s office in the event there is an issue with regards to the material or drawings. The TOP material planning or the equipment group would meet the worker to discuss the issue and subsequently the light would be switch off upon the issue is settled. Khandekar also attend meeting with a few other head of departments to discuss on the issues involve as well as those individ ual staff names which is listed on the dashboard. The meeting which is conducted every afternoon 2 pm for an half an hour provides the basis for managers to identify number of panels manufactured for the day, how the line is progressing and identify the issues that hampered the line’s progress. During the meeting, the issues are gradually addressed; the individual staffs involved were required to solve the issue by performing 6hkooa root cause analysis. Khandekar also face challenges to implement the lean as the vendors face problem to supply materials as and when required when the respective panel come on line as previously the materials were supplied in batches as per the agreed timeline. Hence, to overcome this issue, the lean team visits the vendors and presents the benefit of lean program. For short term, it was decided that vendors will manufacture the material in bulk but delivery of the materials as required by the line. Khandekar also introduce joint prayer and exercise session at each assembly line at the beginning of every shift. This concept was also introduced to the personnel in office. All the members involved in the lean project were given a T-shirt with lean logo which represents the â€Å"team effort† which was later introduced to the workers besides to the office staff and management. Khandekar also introduce key performance indicators and the workers performance bonuses are determine based on the agreed panel produced, i.e. six panels per day per line. The abovementioned solutions were identified and implemented by Khandekar to handle the resistance to change to successfully implement the lean at Siemens’ Kalwa Plant. 6.0QUESTION 5 How was the lean implementation institutionalized in the new set-up? When Siemens AG (headquarters) decided to implement lean manufacturing in the Kalwa factory, few initial steps were taken to ensure a proper foundation in terms of knowledge and understanding of lean manufacturing is first build in the Kalwa factory. Mr.Gewald, global head for spearheading lean project was brought in to the Kalwa factory to educate the top management level on what lean manufacturing is all about and how it can improve and benefit the factory. One of first few actions that Mr.Gewald took was to form a lean implementation team with Mr. Khandekar as the project leader and Mr.Vedak as the lean manager. Mr.Gewald with the help of consultants from United States held few meetings with the management to explain the potential benefits of the implementation. Through brainstorming and awareness sessions, the consultant team also gave presentation on the successful lean implementation in other companies especia lly at Toyota. Apart from that, Mr. Khandekar and Mr.Vedak also had a series of factory visits to companies which have completed the implementation of lean manufacturing. The main purpose of all this meetings, presentation and visits were to create the management’s confidence and prove how the implementation will be beneficial. Creating the belief and confidence of the management is essential in ensuring the success of the implementation. Once the lean team has been formed and the essence of lean manufacturing has been incorporated in them, the team starts the implementation process. Figure 1 show the implementation process. Observations & Analysis of Current process flow Identify Waste Area Identify Changes and Implementation Monitoring Performances Key Activities * Process Mapping to understand how the current process works * Current process flow chart is derived from the process mapping activity. Key Activities * From the derived process flow chart, waste or non value added works are identified. * Through brain storming, the ways and means to make this process efficient are discussed. Key Activities * From the analysis, changes are identified and the implementation process begins. The changes will cover:- a) Layout changes b) Changes in support system c) Changers in vendor management d) Cultural changes. Key Activities * The monitoring KPIs were defined. * A monitoring team was formed to document, analyses and report on these KPIs. Figure 1: Implementation process of lean manufacturing. As mentioned in question one, lean manufacturing by principle is the elimination of waste or non-value added works. As such, Mr.Khandekar and the lean team realized that they need to restructure both the layout and the process itself to eliminate non-value added works. Rather than blindly doing the implementation process, the team first did process mapping for the existing process to understand how it works. In the process mapping stage, the lean team held discussion with the entire department in the value chain regarding their process flow. The outcome of this activity was process flow chart. Next, the lean team analyzed the process flow chart to identify all non-value added in the flow. A brainstorming session was done with all the related personal to decide the changes that need to be made to make the process more efficient. At this stage the lean team also held meetings with  all the employees to explain what lean manufacturing is all about and why it is important for them to a dopt lean in their workplace. This was an important action by the lean team as there were signs of resentment and scepticism among the employees. From the first two stages of the implementation process, changes that are required to eliminate waste were identified. The changes are as below:- Layout Changes The lean team realized that physical structure of the layout needed to be changed, as there were wastage in terms of workers movement and the flow of the product or material. For the layout changes, the assembly line concept was adopted. Assembly lines with workstations were formed. The time per workstation was fixed and their work content was adjusted. An efficient flow of the products and worker movement were also considered in the new layout. Apart from that a communication system between worker level and the executive level was also created to improve response time. Changes in support system Apart from layout changes, lean team also made changes in support system for the production line. The main idea here is to introduce ownership concept to the production line whereby the owner has to be answerable to all problem that arise under his ownership. Dashboards were introduced at the beginning of each assembly line. Any issues in the production line will be highlight in the board with name of the related personal. Meetings will be held on daily bases to oversee all the issues. The dashboard also will display daily out of each assembly line to show progress in each line. Apart from that skill assessment of the employees and top management were also done continuously to identify skill gaps and appropriate training are arranged. Change in Vendor Management. Implementing lean manufacturing in the Kalwa factory alone would not be sufficient to eliminate waste. With vendors continuously supplying material or part in bulk orders, wastage of storage or inventory space occurs in the factory. With the availability of extra material or parts, manufacturing mistake will go unnoticed. As such, vendor management was also needed to be  changed. The main idea here is to have the right quantity of parts available at the right time with the right quality. Vendor will have to supply each order quantity accordingly rather that supplying in batch. Because of some difficult faced with the vendors, short term and long term plans were made. Long term plans are to implement lean principle at the vendor’s end. As for short term plans are the implementation of pull philosophy of the lean system whereby vendors will manufacture material in bulk but deliver it to factory as needed by the line. This is to reduce storage and inventory space in the factory . Occurs of manufacturing mistake or defects will come to the knowledge of the line managers or supervisors. Cultural Changes Activities such as joint prayers and exercise session were introduced to instil a sense of team belongingness among employees. Apart for that uniform dress code are also introduced for the lean implementation member to send the message of team effort to all workers and management staff. Once all the changes have been implemented according to the plan, the next important step that was taken is to monitor the effectiveness of the changes. With the help of Mr.Gewald, the monitoring KPIs were defined to analyze the effectiveness of lean system on the overall performance of the factory. A monitoring team was formed to continuously document, analyze and report on these KPIs to the Siemens AG (headquarters) on monthly bases. To summary, we can say several key actions have been taken to institutionalize the lean implementation in the new set-up of the Kalwa Factory. i) Before implementation process was started, a proper foundation was built in the company by educating the top management on the lean principles. ii) A sound implementation plan was made by the lean team by first, analyzing the existing process to identify inefficiencies. Then determine ways and means to improve them. iii) The lean team continued to educate all employees from staff level to worker level to ensu re all of them understood the lean principles. iv) Proper monitoring was done to know the effectiveness of all the changes made. v) Mr.Khandekar and his team also continuously come up with creative solutions for problem such as resentment and worker issues. What more does Khandekar need to do so that the changes are not reversed? There are several actions that Mr.Khandekar can take to make sure that the changes are not reversed. i) Continuous training on lean principles. People tend to fear things they don’t understand and in the case of Kalwa plant, it is proven to be true. When lean implementation was first announced to all Kalwa’s employees, there were signs of resentment and scepticism among the employees. This happened because employees didn’t understand what is lean, why the management wanted to implemented it and what benefit do they and the company get. Proper training must be provided to all the employees to ensure their understanding of lean principles. The implemented changes can only last if the employees willing to work according to the changes and this can only be achieved through understanding. The lean principles must also be integrated in to the company’s training programs for new employees. Continuous assessment must also be done to measure the level of understanding of the employees especially workers as it is always difficult to reach them because of their education background. An establishment of lean culture among all the employees in the company is important to ensure the sustainability of all the implemented changes. ii) Proper documentation. Proper documentation must be made regarding all the implemented changes. This is important because there is a possibility that a future improvement can unintentionally reverse the change made now. Believe me; this tends to happen more often than not in the manufacturing line. As such proper documentation can function as reference to future employees especially engineers when they are making some improvement. Changes made in the method of working must also be documented as work standard as it can function as training tool for workers. iii) Regular Auditing. Regular auditing is important to ensure that all the changes in terms of process flow and work standard are followed accordingly. Regular audit must also be done to all related supplier and vendors to ensure their compliance with the lean principles. iv) Continuous Monitoring & Improvement. Lean manufacturing is designed in such a way that it will not leave any room for problems and mistakes to hide if it is implemented correctly. As such implementation of lean manufacturing will force all wastage, problem and mistakes to surface. The monitoring team must be assign to continuously monitor for such case and appropriate action must be taken to solve or improve. Continuous sustainability can only be achieved if improvements are carried out continuously by capable people truly understand the way of lean.